Translation
Now let us translate a few simple Pali sentences into English to understand the usage of various declined forms of these pronouns.
Please Note :
As relative pronouns relate or narrate, i.e. indicate ‘the one who’, ‘that which’ etc, they are mostly followed by demonstrative pronouns to make meaningful sentences.
1. Yo kumāro uyyāne kīḷati, so ācariyassa putto (hoti).
yo (masc, nom. s) = (the one) who, which;
so (masc, nom. s) = he
Translation : The boy (who is) playing in the garden, (he) is the teacher’s son.
Please Note the above Pali sentence and its translation. In similar English sentence, we mostly dispense with one or both the pronouns, i.e. the demonstrative and relative pronouns. In Pali sentences however, both the pronouns will be used in most cases to show the relation / connection between the nouns (persons, things, etc.).
2. Yāyo kaññāyo sabhāyaṃ gītāni gāyiṃsu, tāyo mama bhaginiyo.
yāyo (fem, nom. p) = who, those / the ones;
tāyo (fem, nom. p) = they
Translation : The girls who sang songs in the assembly are my sisters.
3. Yāni phalāni pakkāni, ahaṃ tāni bhuñjituṃ icchāmi.
yāni (neu, nom. p) = which, the ones;
tāni (neu, nom. p) = those
Translation : I wish to eat those fruits which are ripe.
4. Yasmiṃ khettasmiṃ bahavo ambarukkhāni santi, taṃ amhākaṃ khettaṃ.
yasmiṃ (neu, loc. s) = in which,
taṃ (neu, nom. s) = that
Translation : The farm in which there are many mango trees, is our farm.
5. Tvaṃ yehi saddhiṃ nagarasmā āgamāsi, te vejjassa mittā.
yehi (masc, inst. p) = with whom,
te (masc, nom. p) = they
Translation : (The men) with whom you came from town, (they) are the friends of the of the Doctor.
6. Yāyaṃ pokkharaṇiyaṃ padumāni ahesuṃ, tā rājiniyā pokkharaṇī.
yāyaṃ (fem, loc. s) = in which;
tā (fem, nom. s) = that
Translation : The pond in which there were lotus flowers, was the Queen’s pond.
7. Yasmā gahapatinā tumhe dānāni labhittha, ahampi taṃ upasaṅkameyyaṃ.
yasmā (masc, abl. s) = from whom,
taṃ (masc, acc. s) = him
Translation : The householder from whom you received the offering, I too would approach him.
8. Yesānaṃ puttā sīlavantā honti, te sukhaṃ vindanti.
yesānaṃ (masc, gen. p) = of whom, whose;
te (masc, nom. p) = they
Translation : Those whose sons are virtuous, (they) experience happiness.
Please Note the cases of relative pronouns and demonstrative pronouns in the above sentences. It is not necessary that both these pronouns have the same case, as can be seen from many of the above examples.